What is autonomous robotics?

Autonomous robotics is a fast-growing discipline that combines engineering, computer science and artificial intelligence. These new robots are capable of perceiving their environment and making independent decisions, opening up new possibilities across various fields.

 

The 1980s and 1990s saw the emergence of the first autonomous mobile robots (AMRs), which are capable of moving in a given environment and interacting with it. However, it was with the rise of computer science and artificial intelligence that autonomous robotics really took off. Today, mobile robots can be found in a wide range of sectors, from logistics to medicine. But how do they work? Various sensors and algorithms enable them to move and make decisions independently. In this article, we take you on a journey to the heart of robotics to understand the stakes of this technological revolution.

 

History and evolution of autonomous robotics

 

Autonomous robotics has come a long way since the early automata.

 

The beginnings of an ambition

 

The earliest concepts of autonomous robots date back a long time, when rudimentary automata were designed to perform simple tasks. However, it was in the 20th century that robotics really began its significant expansion, notably due to the work of Isaac Asimov and the formulation of his famous laws. The first industrial applications of stationary robots marked a major turning point, but it was with the rise of artificial intelligence and the development of ever more powerful sensors that the notion of autonomy became a reality.

 

Technological progress in the 21st century

 

The 21st century has been marked by spectacular advances in autonomous robotics. As the cost of electronic components has significantly decreased, the design and development of robots have become more accessible. Machine learning and neural networks have given robots unprecedented adaptability and learning capabilities. Today, independent robots are capable of performing complex tasks, collaborating with humans and integrating seamlessly into our environment.

 

 

What is an autonomous robot?

 

An autonomous robot is a machine capable of performing tasks and making decisions independently, without direct and continuous human intervention. Unlike traditional industrial robots, which are programmed to perform repetitive movements in a controlled environment, autonomous robots are designed to operate in dynamic and unpredictable environments. 

 

Key elements of an autonomous robot

 

To operate independently, a robot must be equipped with specific elements that enable it to perceive its environment, make decisions, and act accordingly. Let’s take a look at these elements: 

– Sensors: These devices enable the robot to discern its environment. There are different types of sensors including cameras for vision, sonars for obstacle detection, distance detectors and so on. With the collected data, the robot forms a clear representation of its surroundings and can determine its position.

– Actuators: These are the robot’s “muscles”. They enable the robot to perform movements, such as locomotion, object manipulation, or interaction with the environment. Examples include electric motors, pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders.

– Artificial intelligence: This is the robot’s brain. It enables the robot to process information provided by sensors, make decisions, plan its actions and memorize its skills. Artificial intelligence remains essential to give robots a certain degree of autonomy and adaptability. With AI, programmable robots continuously learn from their experiences.

 

How does an autonomous robot work?

 

An autonomous robot relies on a combination of sensors, actuators and sophisticated algorithms. 

 

Algorithms at the heart of autonomous robotics

 

Algorithms play a key role in the operation of autonomous robots. Here are just a few examples:

– SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping): This algorithm enables the robot to localize itself in an unknown environment while simultaneously creating a map of that environment.

– Trajectory planning: These algorithms enable the robot to determine the best path to reach a goal while avoiding obstacles.

– Reinforcement learning: This technique enables the robot to learn by interacting with its environment. It receives rewards or penalties based on its actions, allowing it to refine its strategy.

 

 

Machine learning: the key to autonomy

 

Machine learning enables robots to learn on their own without needing explicit step-by-step instructions. For instance, learning robots use vast amounts of data to identify patterns and make decisions progressively. Thanks to this technology, robots can adapt to challenging and evolving environments, and perform increasingly sophisticated tasks. They can inspect complex infrastructures (factories, power plants) and detect anomalies before they lead to failures.

 

 

 

Fields of application 

 

Autonomous robots are revolutionizing the way we work, live and explore the world. Their applications remain as vast as they are varied.

 

Robotics for industrial inspection: an ongoing revolution

 

Autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) are transforming the industrial sector. Equipped with sophisticated sensors, they are capable of inspecting complex infrastructures such as factories and power plants with unrivalled precision and efficiency. These intelligent robots can detect anomalies, signs of degradation or potential risks long before they lead to costly and dangerous breakdowns.

 

Robots: the new doctors of tomorrow

 

Robotics is revolutionizing the healthcare sector. Surgical robots perform operations with unrivalled precision, while others assist patients in their rehabilitation. These technological tools enhance the quality of care and treatment effectiveness, offering new possibilities for medicine. 

 

Towards 2.0 agriculture

 

AMRs are also used in the agricultural sector for tasks such as harvesting, weeding and especially crop monitoring. Thanks to their sensors, they can detect diseases and pests, and optimize irrigation systems.